Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai, Allen Carrs easyweigh numesti svorio


Kučaidze, A. Slavickienė, V. Čiulevičienė, J. Wołowiec, J. Svorio wytheville va, A. Kazlauskienė, E. Novikevičius, D. Modern state doesn t exist without taxes that don t need to be argumented to the society. Alongside it is acknowledged that tax burden influences not only the budget revenues but investments, demand and supply, prices and others.

Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai

All this, has direct as well as indirect influence on the economic activity and production capacity. In the concept of tax burden the important fact is the connection of tax burden Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai the economic activity and production capacity.

The influence of tax burden on budget tax revenues and production capacity can be realized in two different ways.

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On one hand tax burden has influence on production technologies, effective Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai of resources that accordingly will be depicted on the production capacity and, on the other hand, the change of tax burden has influence on budget tax revenues that will be depicted on the economic activity.

Keywords: finance, state budget, tax policy, tax burden, production capacity. Introduction The principal factors determining extent of impact of taxation pressure on economic activity and output include profitability of production in the sector, competition severity, manufacturing and sale of concrete products, industrial specificity of sectors, regions and spheres, general social and politic condition in the Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai, incomes of the various sections of population and their economic status.

Extent of competition between the enterprises and their profitability make one of the main determining factors of tax burden, as severity of competition enforces manufacturers to sale their products at the minimum prices.

Taking into account that the average costs of enterprises in the same sector are almost equal, i. Such way price reduction and demand stimulation are possible. They take tax burden upon themselves at the cost of profit gaining by these enterprises.

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But only high-yielding enterprises can afford reduction of profit, i. Based on above mentioned, lack of competition in the sector will eliminate stimulation of price reduction tend and correspondingly cause taxation Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai of customer, but in case of low profitability of enterprises in the sector they rather will not be able to take upon themselves the price-inflating taxes burden.

But it does not mean Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai taking of tax burden is an end in itself or that the enterprises care of welfare of customers. It is only a way of their survival in Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai fighting.

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The bigger is organic content of capital in sector, the less is possibility of variation of output, which may be related to changes of taxation policy, general economic situation in country and generally to development of the processes casing reduction of aggregate demand.

Monopolistic enterprises are comparatively secured from such situations. Even in ordinary situations they apply price rising for the purpose of income maximization. For this purpose we should use so called tax diffusion, what means unity of arrangements making by tax and financial bodies for the purpose of budget balancing at the cost of assigning of Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai to Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai called regulating taxes as interests.

In such case the named payments are assigned to the budget of the appropriate level of budget system, i. Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai burden and tax diffusion have double meaning depending on what it applies to: physical persons or state territorial units. Just this is a contradiction, as the bigger is tax burden towards region, the more stable is its financial condition and Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai are the problems related Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai budget balancing.

Absolutely differently is assessed tax burden towards legal persons and individual tax payers. Even insignificant grow of burden may cause worsening of their property status. Literature Review According to so called pessimistic concept pessimistic concept, Com what-is-keynesian-economics. Mathematic concept based on theory of marginal utility of production which founders the famous scientists Bohm-Bawerk, Walras etc.

They consider relation of these categories to taxes. Statistic concept tries to explain the named phenomena by the way of fundamental analyzing of the statistic data kaip sudeginti mano pilvo riebalai resulted multiple statistic observation.

  • Эти октопауки прибыли на Раму из приграничной колонии, генетически рассчитанной на взаимодействие с иными разумными формами жизни.

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According to E. Atkinson Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai J. Stiglitz Atkinson, Stiglitz,payment of taxes results reduction of individuals incomes. They really grow poorer and have to suspend retirement, reduce spare time on cost of growing working hours etc. Survey In respect to taxation pressure peculiarities of economic activeness and output may be explained by means of balancing of positive and negative effects.

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Hereinafter the effects promoting growth of economic activeness and output Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai case of increase of taxation pressure and those preventing such growth in case of decrease of taxation pressure we call positive, and vice versa: the effects preventing growth of economic activeness and output in case of increase of taxation pressure and those promoting such growth in case of decrease of taxation pressure we call negative.

The group of positive effects may include the effect of creation of economic environment or economic ability of Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai and the effect of benefits. Abuselidze curve This effect is positive for output, as in conditions Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai growing tax revenues, first of all supply from public sector itself grows by means of creation of more public wealth and services, and, secondly, state improves business environment, what is very important for promotion of growth of economic activeness in private sector.

The effect of benefits defines direct influence of taxes on individuals behaviour. So, the effect of benefits promotes economic activeness in case of growing of taxation pressure up to the optimal level. The group of negative effects includes the effect of replacement and financial effect.

Existence of the effect of tax replacement is provided riebalų nuostolių png that some kinds of business are not taxable, besides those taxable are liable to various rate taxes.

When tax rates grows over the optimal pressure, resulted the effect of replacement business transfers from taxable spheres to tax-free spheres or from the spheres of heavy taxes to the spheres of lower taxes.

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The individuals actively seek and often find the ways to avoid taxes partly or wholly. Such ways of avoiding taxation lead to reduction of budget revenues Abuselidze, The same result is received resulted financial effect.

This effect originates, when the same business may be compensated in various forms and correspondingly the rate may vary. Classical example of influence of this effect is the case, when for the purpose of avoiding grown tax the business entities shift taxes onto each other and transfer to shadow economy.

To Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai the main and most important factor having the biggest influence on redistribution of taxation pressure between economic activeness and output, let s consider the mechanism of shifting taxes. Historical, theoretical prarasti riebalai be svorio practical Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai of tax shifting enables modern economist to make two very important decisions: 1.

Tax shifting is determined with prices; 2. Tax shifting is governed with sales volume. When state intends to levy a tax on concrete part of population, this part tries to avoid burden of this tax by means of various mechanisms and shift it to the other part of population.

For example, the tax levied on manufacturers must reduce their profits and give their part to state. But not wishing to bear this burden, they try to shift it to customer by the way of price rising and they really often do it successfully. Taxes may be shifted from seller to customer and vice versa. On the first case burden shafting is achieved by the way of price rising, but the in other case on the contrary - by the way of price reduction.

Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai

Shifting may be performed by Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai several stages. It is possible, when goods transfer from manufacturer to final customer through several stages.

This process is called complex shifting mechanism. So, taxes are shifted through the prices, but let s clear for who s benefit this mechanism starts to work in the concrete case and what Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai determine it, i. Even Adam Smith Smith, Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai David Ricardo Ricardo, pointed to the factors determining real addressees of tax burden in their works.

Adam Smith connected size of wages to elasticity of labour supply, but David Ricardo developed the ideas related to Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai of demand and supply regarding change of price for different goods, i.

These considerations underlie the modern views which explain the problems of shifting of tax burden. Elasticity of goods demand means that goods demand significantly rises resulted change of price, but non-elasticity of goods demand means that demand value insignificantly changes resulted change of price. Elasticity of demand is determined with several factors, namely: 1.

Such other factors may include also market limits, period etc. Lieknėjantis popsas of supply is determined similarly. Goods supply is elastic, if quantity of supplies significantly changes resulted change of price and vice versa, goods supply is not elastic, if quantity of supplies insignificantly changes resulted change of price.

On the basis of determination of demand-supply elasticity its relation to tax shifting becomes apparent. It Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai be formulated as follows: As we mentioned above, taxes are shifted through the prices, i. Correspondingly, its real payer coincide with the final sudeginti chrysler riebalai. But this mechanism cannot be used in all times, as when manufacturer rises the products price through taxes, he should preliminarily determine expected results.

Providing laws of market, in other equal conditions price rising for any products causes lowering of demand for such products. And one of the tasks of manufacture is just determination of extent of demand lowering. But this is no other than determination of elasticity of demand for goods.

In case of neglecting this condition price rising may cause complete crash of business in the market, as in conditions of elastic demand even insignificant rise in price causes appreciable lowering of demand quantity.

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It will cause sharp lowering of company s benefits. This negative result may be avoid with the only way: company should take tax on itself, i. Above mentioned may be done by highly profitable companies only.

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Otherwise business will loose any commercial meaning and wind up. The enterprises having more elastic demand for their products are secured from such situation to more extent. They have more possibilities of tax shifting, i. But such simple approach to the mentioned matter is not purposeful. We should not imagine that if demand is not elastic, then manufacturer can shift the whole tax burden onto customer or, vice versa, if demand is elastic, manufacture cannot Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai the tax and has to take the whole tax burden upon himself.

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Tax burden in any case is beared by both manufacturer and customer, but to what extent? To establish this we can use concrete examples and graphs of function Figure 2 and 3.

Figure 2. Graph of function Figure 3.

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Graph of function 7 8 Figure 2 shows curves of demand and supply and such types of market, where demand is comparatively non-elastic, but supply very elastic. P and Q mean relatively goods price and sales Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai.

After tax levying price rises.

It reaches point P 2, causes lowering of demand and reaches some point Q 2. Correspondingly, the following disproportion origins: if earlier customers paid price P, now they have to pay higher price P 2, but sellers receive lower price P 1 instead of price P and sell less quantity of products. Just the value equaling difference between price paid by customer and price received by manufacturer P 2 P 1 is a tax burden which should be distributed between manufacturer and customer and we can establish its proportion with help of the graph.

Customer s burden equals a difference between earlier and present prices, i. P 2 - P, but manufacturer Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai one P P 1. But they do not distribute this burden evenly.

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Proving all above mentioned, we can draw a conclusion that in the market, where supply is very elastic, but demand is not elastic it should not be understood so, as the whole tax burden is levied on customer.

But due to this circumstance the bigger part of tax burden is beared by customer and less part by manufacturer. Figure 3 shows the market type, where supply is comparatively non-elastic and demand very elastic.

Such Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai be discussed by the similar way, but taking into consideration above mentioned difference. P and Q are values of price and demand relatively. After tax levying price rises up to P 2, but demand goes down to Q 2.

The difference, i. As demand is elastic, customers are very sensitive towards price and price rising causes significant lowering of demand. Due to this circumstance customers avoid a great part of tax burden and correspondingly its great part presses manufacturer, what is conditioned with lowering of really received price and demand quantity.

To present it more expressively we here provide the following example: in The USA Congress levied taxes on luxury, namely yachts, airplanes, fur coats, Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai and expensive cars. The purpose of this tax levy was to impose a tax on the richest people, as only rich people could buy such things.

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That is why, luxury taxation seemed enough logical. But after activation of the forces of supply and demand elasticity the result was found out absolutely different from that the Congress intended to achieve.

Let s consider yachts market.

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Demand is enough elastic, as a millionaires are free not to buy yacht and spend their money otherwise, ex. As for yachts Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai, it is enough non-elastic, the more so in the short period, as their manufacturer cannot easily transfer to production of alternative goods.

Besides, these Livingsocial riebalų nuostoliai employees are not able to change career and be employed in the other sector. Our analysis enables us to make exact prediction. Under conditions of elastic demand and nonelastic supply the main part of tax burden will press suppliers.